Author	Location	Year of Publication	Study Design	Sample Size	Prevention	Outcome
Purushothaman et al.[@493930]	India	2023	Randomized Controlled Trial	120 patients	Patients were randomized into two groups: Group C (control group) and Group M (mirror therapy). Two sessions of therapy were given per day for 7 days, and each session lasted for 20 minutes.	Overall incidence of phantom limb pain was significantly higher in Group C when compared to Group M [Group M = 7 (11.7%) vs Group C = 17 (28.3%); p = 0.022]. Intensity of PLP measured on NRS was significantly lower at 3 months in Group M compared to Group C among patients who developed PLP [NRS - median (interquartile range): Group M 5 (4,5) vs Group C 6 (5,6); p 0.001].
Ayoub et al.[@493928]	Egypt	2019	Randomized Controlled Trial	62 patients	Two equal groups of patients randomly received dexmedetomidine or fentanyl as epidural infusion 24 hours before operation and 72 hours after surgery.	Incidence of postoperative stump and phantom pain in group D was significantly low in comparison with group F in the first 72 h post-operatively. Visual analog scale was statistically significantly lower in group D than group F in the 72-h postoperative period. After 6 months, the result was similar (p<0.05)
Wang et al.[@493929]	China	2018	Randomized Controlled Trial	45 patients	23 patients were in the Gabapentin group (300 mg on day 1, 600 mg on day 2, 900 mg on day 3 until day 30 postoperative) 22 patients as a control group (starch)	Pre-operatively, there is no significant baseline pain intensity (p = 0.12). Post-operatively, the rate of PLP was significantly lower in the Gabapentin group than placebo (p = <0.05), at the last follow-up visit (43.48% vs. 77.27%, p = 0.033).
Yousef et al.[@493931]	United States	2017	Randomized Controlled Trial	60 patients	Patients were randomized using sealed envelopes into two groups, Group BF (bupivacaine - fentanyl) as the control group and Group BCF (bupivacaine – calcitonin - fentanyl). Injection was made pre-operatively and post-operatively on day 1 and 2	The BCF group showed notable enhancements in phantom pain grades 6 and 12 months post-surgery, with statistical significance (P = 0.033 and 0.001, respectively). Conversely, the BF group exhibited a notably increased occurrence of allodynia at both the 6-month (P = 0.039) and 12-month (P = 0.013) marks, along with hyperalgesia specifically at twelve months (P = 0.025).
Economides et al.[@493932]	United States	2016	Cohort retrospective	17 patients	Six patients underwent combined peripheral nerve coaptation, collagen nerve wrapping, and submuscular transposition. 11 patients underwent traction neurectomy alone at the time of amputation	2 months: VAS score similar between coaptation and neurectomy cohorts (3.0 and 3.82; p=0.88), PLP/PS lower in coaptation group (0% vs 54.5%; P=0.03%) 6 months: VAS scores were significantly lower in coaptation group (0.75 vs. 5.6; p = 0.02), and PLP/PS incidence was also lower in copatation group (0% vs. 63.6%; p = 0.01).