Lead Author, publication date	Mean time intervals from onset of symptoms (days) to DAIR	Time interval from index procedure. and DAIR (joint age)	Debridement Type	Exchange modular components N (%)	Use of rifampicin	Duration of antibiotic therapy (weeks)	Patient failed N (%)	Bacteria involved in failed cases	Surgical option for failed patients
Chiu et al. 2007,[@112019]	Within 28 days	28 – 72 months	Open	100%	NA	6 weeks IV at least	5 (50%)	NA	Fusion or two-stage reimplantation.
Choi et al. 2011,[@112024]	Within 28 days	0,5 – 240 months	Open	With or without PE exchange	NA	6 weeks IV	16 (69%)	S. aureus 16 (100%)	Staged revision operation or repeated DAIR or fusion or amputation or resection.
Estes et al. 2010,[@112006]	Within 28 days	NA	Open (two debridements + beads)	0% (all modular components were removed and sterilized by flash autoclave or in a betadine soak)	26,6%	6 weeks IV + 36 weeks OS	2 (11%)	MRSA 1 (50%) S. agalactiae 1 (50%)	None
Fink et al. 2017,[@112023]	1 - 21	NA	Open	100%	100%	2 weeks IV + variabile OS	NA	NA	NA
He et al. 2016,[@112003]	2–7	7 – 61 months	Open	100%	100%	6 weeks IV + 12 weeks OS	2 (19%)	S. epidermidis 1 (50%) S. aureus 1 (50%)	1 Two-stage. 1 second implant removal prior to a second revision.
In jun Koh et al. 2015,[@112025]	4–26	5 – 144 months	Open	94%	NA	6 weeks or less IV and then OS	9 (45%)	NA	Multiple irrigation and debridement 1 (5%) Suppression antibiotic therapy 1 (5%) Two-stage revision 6 (30%) Fusion or amputation 2 (10%)
Konigsberg et al. 2014,[@112012]	1-28	6 – 186 months	Open	100%	NA	6 weeks IV	NA	Staphylococcus spp.	Second debridement or following implant removal and II stage reconstruction including a medial gastrocnemius flap in one knee or knee fusion or above knee amputation.
Koyonos et al. 2011,[@112013]	NA	NA	Open	NA	NA	6 weeks IV	NA	NA	NA
Lora-Tamayo et al. 2017,[@112014]	2–12	NA	Open	55%	37%	3 weeks IV	NA	NA	NA
Meehan et al. 2003,[@112015]	1 – 9	1,8 – 138 months	Open	40%	NA	4 weeks IV + NA oral therapy. 42% of cases received long-term oral antimicrobial therapy	0 (0%)	None	Patients underwent a median of one surgical debridement (range, 1–3).
Mont et al. 1997,[@112016]	3 - 28	6 – 71 months	Open	29%	NA	6 weeks IV	4 (29%)	S. aureus 1 (25%) S. epidermidis 2 (50%) E. coli 1 (25%)	Two-stage reimplantation or second DAIR or knee fusion.
Segawa et al. 1999,[@112017]	NA	NA	Open	100%	NA	6 weeks IV	2 (29%)	NA	1 Arthrodesis. 1 Suppressive antibiotic. Both failed
Son et al. 2017,[@112018]	1 - 5	NA	Open	100%	Used when S. aureus was detected	4 weeks IV	3 (20%)	MSSA 1 (33%) Enterobacter 1 (33%) Streptococcus spp. 1 (33%)	Second DAIR or two-stage revisions.
Triantafyllopoulos et al. 2014,[@111996]	2 – 60	95.3% occurred within the first 365 days after index surgery	Open plus arthroscopy	100%	NA	6 IV weeks + 6 weeks OS	NA	Staphylococcal spp (38%) Other gram-positive bacteria (4%) Gram negative bacteria (1%) Negative cultures (1%)	II stage or second/third DAIR or long-term suppression treatment with antibiotics.
Vilchez et al. 2011,[@112020]	4,7	9 – 88 months	Open	100%	100%	1,5 week IV + 16 weeks OS	7 (59%)	Staphylococcus aureus resistant to fluoroquinolones 3	Second DAIR
Zhang et al. 2016,[@111997]	1 – 60	0 – 230 months	Open	NA	NA	4/6 weeks IV + 12/24 weeks OS	11 (65%)	Staphylococcus spp. and nonstaphylococcal spp.	Two-stage revisions or lifelong antibiotics suppression.