Injury type Incidence/
Prevalence
Risk factors for this injury Risk factors for OA Risk of OA compared to uninjured subjects.
Meniscal injury Incidence of 0.3-0.7/
1000 inhabitants.
  • Male gender
  • Sports
  • Severity of the meniscal damage.
  • Meniscectomy
  • Female sex and age > 40 years
  • Obesity
  • Increased risk from OR=3 mild to OR 7.9 (4.4-14) for severe meniscal damage.
  • After 19 years risk of OA increased by 11%., 24% after four years and 71% after 20 years.
Proximal Tibial Fractures (PTF) Incidence of 0.1-0.13 per 1000 inhabitants
  • Males younger than 50 years.
  • Accidents and high-energy traumas.
  • More severe fractures in patients older than 50 years.
  • Operative treatment:
  • High age principally in treated fractures.
  • In younger patients: bicondylar fractures.
  • Osteoporosis and other comorbidities including a high BMI.
  • Malalignment of the knee, deviation of the mechanical axis in varus, articular step-off and meniscus lesion
  • The severity of the lesion: Fracture comminution and articular collapse.
  • Female sex.
  • It is higher during the first years than at long term.
  • PTOA is generally estimated to occur in 23% to 36% of cases following an intra-articular fracture.
  • Between 21–75% of cases after operative treatment develop PTOA even when adequate reduction and stable fixation have been achieved.
  • Severe OA leading to TKR develops in 2.2–7.5% of operatively treated patients after 2 to 5 years post-trauma. Compared with all populations, these patients are at a 3.5
  • to 5.3-fold higher risk of end-stage PTOA requiring TKR.
  • Radiological signs of OA were reported in 10% to 83% of studied cases.
Patellar dislocation Between 0.058-0.070 per 1000 person-years.
  • Active young individuals practicing sports.
  • Decreased depth, a flat or even convex trochlear surface.
  • Females have a 33% higher risk of patellar instability and dislocation than males.
  • Military personal.
  • Patellofemoral instability due to recurrent dislocation.
  • Increases over time.
  • osteochondral injury and trochlear dysplasia.
  • Female sex and older age.
  • The risk of OA increases with the number of years after dislocation, from non-significant increase till 22% at t13 years, and it achieves 50% after 25 years of follow-up.
Acetabular fractures Around 8.1/100,000 persons/year in Europe
  • High energy trauma and accidents in the young population and low energy trauma such as falling in the elderly.
  • Residual articular incongruity, quality of fracture reduction.
  • Column fractures, posterior wall and type A1 fracture.
  • Male sex.
  • Age older than 40 years.
  • Obesity
  • Associated chondral or osseous lesions of the femoral head.
  • Involvement of the posterior wall and incongruence of the acetabular roof.
  • OA appeared after five years of follow-up in between 13% to 57% of all cases.
  • OA was present in approximately 36% of cases after open reduction and internal fixation.
Femoral Fractures Femoral neck: 63.3 cases per 100,000 person-years for women and 27.7 cases per 100,000 person-years for men (90 percent of proximal femur fractures)

Intertrochanteric: 34 men and 63 women/ 100,000 person years. They represents 38%-50% of all hip fractures, respectively.
  • Patients with a higher falling risk.
  • Higher incidence of stress fractures in military.
  • Female sex
  • older age
  • osteopenia or osteoporosis.
  • OA risk seems higher in trochanteric fractures than in patients with cervical fractures.
  • Femoral shaft malunions increase the risk of OA symptoms, pain and stiffness after long-term follow up (>20years).
  • In young patients, use of a hemiarthroplasty after femoral fractures has been linked to OA at follow up.
  • PTOA in 0.5% of cases with minimally displaced femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation.
  • After femoral shaft fractures and malunion, 8% of cases had radiographic evidence of OA.
  • PTOA in 31% of cases after a failed internal fixation for hip fracture with a minimum 2-year follow-up.
  • Around 11% of all performed THA are sequelae or failed internal fixation after proximal femur fracture.
Hip dislocations
  • Most are posterior dislocations (90%).
  • Classified as simple or complex (when associated with fractures).
  • Acetabular fracture is present in up to 70% of patients with traumatic hip dislocations.
  • More prevalent in males between 14 or 16 years to 40.
  • Delayed closed dislocation reduction (>six hours of the injury).
  • The severity of the injury correlates with an increase in the development of PTOA.
  • Associated with femoral head fracture increase the risk of OA.
  • PTOA is the most common sequelae.
  • Might appear just two years after the initial injury, being more common after ten years.
  • It might be present in up to 24% of cases.
  • PTOA in between 16-30% of patients with posterior dislocation and 50% when associated with femoral head fracture.